Paktia University Languages & Literature Faculty English Department

20/05/2021

خبرتیا
د پکتیا پوهنتون د ژبو او ادبیاتو پوهنځی د انګلیسي ژبې او ادب څانګه دوه انګلیسي ژبې او ادب څانګې فارغینو قرارداي استادانو ته ضرورت لري. مینوال کولای شي خپل اسناد پکتیا پوهنتون د ژبو او ادبیاتو پوهنځي د انګلیسي ژبې او ادب څانګې امریت ته وسپاري.
ضروری اسناد
تذکرې رنګه کاپي
دیپلوم رنګه کاپي
د نمرو ترانسکریب اصل

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05/04/2021

د پکتیا پوهنتون د امتحاناتو له عمومې کميټې سره په تلګرام کې په لاندې لینک سره یوځای شئ او خپل پیشنهادونه، انتقادونه او مشورې ورسره شریکې کړي

04/10/2020

د ژبو او ادبياتو پوهنځي د انګليسي څانګې د ۱۳۹۹ل کال د خزاني دويم سمستر نهايې ازموينه نن ۱۳۹۹/۷/۱۳ نيټه سره سمون خوري پيل شوه.
د ټولو محصلينو د کاميابۍ په هيله

18/12/2019

د پکتیا پوهنتون د مختلفو پوهنځیو څخه فارغ کیدونکو محصلینو او هغوي کورنیو ته د دوې فارغیدو مبارکي وایم، الله دی ددوي د پوهنتون فراغت د اسلام او وطن د آبادۍ سبب وګرځوي. آمین

22/01/2018

Who, That, Which
Rule 1. Who and sometimes that refer to people. That and which refer to groups or things.

Examples: Anya is the one who rescued the bird. "The Man That Got Away" is a great song with a grammatical title. Lokua is on the team that won first place. She belongs to a great organization, which specializes in saving endangered species.

Rule 2a. That introduces what is called an essential clause (also known as a restrictive or defining clause). Essential clauses add information that is vital to the point of the sentence.

Example: I do not trust products that claim "all natural ingredients" because this phrase can mean almost anything. We would not know the type of products being discussed without the that clause.

Rule 2b. Which introduces a nonessential clause (also known as a nonrestrictive or nondefining clause), which adds supplementary information.

Example: The product claiming "all natural ingredients," which appeared in the Sunday newspaper, is on sale. The product is already identified. Therefore, which appeared in the Sunday newspaper is a nonessential clause containing additional, but not essential, information.

NOTE

Essential clauses do not have commas introducing or surrounding them, whereas nonessential clauses are introduced or surrounded by commas.

Rule 3. If that has already appeared in a sentence, writers sometimes use which to introduce the next clause, whether it is essential or nonessential. This is done to avoid awkward formations.

Example: That which doesn't kill you makes you stronger. This sentence is far preferable to the ungainly but technically correct That that doesn't kill you makes you stronger.

NOTE

The distinction between that and which, though a useful guideline, is not universally accepted as a hard-and-fast rule. For many centuries and up to the present, which has been routinely used by great writers and journalists to introduce essential clauses.

11/01/2018

Gerund and Infinitive: What’s the Difference?

Knowing the difference between gerund and infinitive can save you from making costly grammar mistakes when writing. In a nutshell, a word formed from a verb acting as a noun and ending in ing is a gerund. Infinitive phrases – normally referred to as infinitives – are formed with the word to in front of a verb. Both gerunds and infinitives can be subjects in sentences, and both gerunds and infinitives can serve as the object of a verb.

Now that you know how these two elements can work in similar ways, it’s time to note an important difference in the gerund/infinitive equation: A gerund can be the object of a preposition; an infinitive cannot.

Gerund & Infinitive Examples
Examples of gerunds
Gerunds are formed with the letters “ing”. For example:

• Thinking

• Acting

• Walking

• Talking

• Fishing

• Caring

• Writing

• Listening

Examples of infinitives
Infinitives are prefaced with the word “to”. For example:

• To think

• To act

• To walk

• To talk

• To fish

• To care

• To write

• To listen

Both Gerunds and Infinitives can act as the subject of a sentence:

Thinking is something that comes naturally.

To think is something that comes naturally.

10/01/2018

(i) Define poetry.
Ans. Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language --- such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre -- to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.

(ii) What is an aubade?
Ans. Aubade is a love poem welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. One of the finest aubades in literature occurs in Act II, Scene III, of Shakespeare's play Cymbeline. It begins with the famous words, "Hark, hark! The lark at heaven's gate sings". Donne's "The Sun Rising" is also an aubade.

(iii) What is a ballad?
Ans. A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a refrain. The Anonymous medieval ballad, "Barbara Allan", exemplifies the genre.

(iv) What is a folk ballad?
Ans.Folk ballad is a song that it traditionally sung by the common people or a region and forms part of their culture. Folk ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic stories with emphasis on a central dramatic event. Examples include "Barbara Allan" and "John Henry".

(v) Define a carol?
Ans. A carol is a hymn or poem often sung by a group, with an individual taking the changing stanzas and the group taking the burden or refrain. Examples include "The Burning Babe" and "The Twelve Days of Christmas"

(vi) What is a dramatic monologue?
Ans. A dramatic monologue is a poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener. It is a 'mono-drama in verse'. Examples include Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" and T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock".

(vii) Define elegy.
Ans. An elegy is a mournful, melancholic or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song of a lament for the dead. It usually ends in consolation. Examples include John Milton's "Lycidas" and W.H. Auden's "In Memory of W.B. Yeats".

(viii) Define an epic.
Ans. An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation narrated in elevated style. For example, Homer's "Iliad" is an epic.

(ix) What is a mock epic?
Ans. A mock epic is a satire or parody that mocks common classical stereotypes or heroes and heroic literature. Typically, a mock epic either puts a fool in the role of the hero or exaggerates the heroic qualities to such a point that they become absurd. Examples include John Dryden's "Mac Flecknoe" and Alexander Pope's "The R**e of the Lock".

(x) What is an epigram?
Ans. An epigram is a short, satirical and witty poem (statement) usually written as a couplet or quatrain but can also be a one lined phrase. It is a brief and forceful remark with a funny ending. Examples include Walter Savage Landor's "Dirce" and Ben Jonson's "On Gut".

(xi) What is an epithalamion?
Ans. An epithalamion is a lyric ode in honour of a bride and bridegroom usually containing suggestive language and innuendo. Examples include Theocritus' "The 18th Idyll" and Edmund Spenser's "Epithalamion".

(xii) What is a hymn?
Ans. A hymn is a religious poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. Examples include Isaac Walts' "Our God, Our Help" and Charles Welsey's "My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine".

(xiii) What is a lyric?
Ans. A lyric is a short poem which expresses personal emotions or feelings, often in a song-like style or form. It is typically written in the first person. Examples include John Clare's "I Hid My Love" and Louise Bogan's "Song for the Last Act".

(xiv) Define an ode.
Ans. An ode is a long, often elaborate stanzaic poem of varying line lengths and sometimes intricate rhyme schemes devoted to the praise of a person, animal, place, thing or idea. Examples include P.B. Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" and John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn".

(xv) What is a sonnet?
Ans. A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes. In English, a sonnet has 3 quatrains followed by a couplet and ten syllables per line. (iambic pentameter). It usually expresses a single, complete thought, idea or sentiment. Examples include P.B. Shelley's "Ozymandias" and John Keats' "When I Have Fears".

09/01/2018

Into vs. In To

What is the difference?
Into and in to are two commonly confused words in the English language. When do you use each one?
Although we say these the same way, they have different meanings.

Into (one word)

We use "into" as a preposition.
"Into" usually answers the question, "Where?"
Although there are many definitions of "into," the most common definitions are:
1. toward the inside; in the direction of
2. hitting or touching

Examples:
The fox crawls into a hole.
(The fox crawls where? Into a hole.)

He looks into her eyes.
(He looks where? Into her eyes.)

He drove his car into the tree.
(He drove his car where? Into the tree.)

The bird flew into the window.
(The bird flew where? Into the window.)

He put his vote into the box.
(Where did he put his vote? Into the box.)

Put into

"Into" can also mean to transform or change.

Examples:
The caterpillar changes into a beautiful butterfly.
The little girl turned into a princess.
He grew into a responsible adult.
James turned into a strong man.

In to (two words)

This is actually two completely different words that sometimes fall next to each other in some sentences.

1. in => adverb
2. to => preposition

Examples:
I went in to use the telephone.
The dog goes in to get a drink.
She reaches in to get the mail.
I called in to remind him I am arriving today.
She came in to tell her about the news.

06/01/2018

The difference between words: [embarrassed] and [ashamed]

► Basically, the word “embarrassed” means having a feeling of emotional discomfort in front of other people. This last part is very important. If we are embarrassed, we have to be in front of at least one other person. We cannot be embarrassed if we are alone. These situations are usually not so serious.

Some example sentences using “embarrassed” are:

- I made a big mistake during my presentation yesterday. I was really embarrassed.

- I was embarrassed in front of my date last night because I didn’t have enough money to pay for dinner.

▼ It’s important to remember that you shouldn’t say “embarrassing” when talking about your personal feeling. We use that when talking about the situation. For example:

- I made a big mistake during my presentation. It was really embarrassing for me.

- It was so embarrassing for me last night. I didn’t have enough money to pay for dinner with my date.

► On the other hand, “ashamed” means having a feeling of guilt because you did something bad intentionally. We can also be ashamed of someone else if they did something bad intentionally. In this case, the feeling is not about guilt but about judgment. In both cases, it’s important that the bad thing was done intentionally. If we cause something bad to happen by accident, we don’t usually say we are ashamed.

Some example sentences using “ashamed” are:

- When I was a teenager, I stole money from my parents. I’m really ashamed of that now.

- Last year, Bill stole his co-worker’s idea and told the boss it was his. He should be ashamed of himself.

- Many people in my country are ashamed of the way the government treated the native people a long time ago.

- I can’t believe you cheated on your exam! I’m really ashamed of you!