17/02/2023
Which among the following is a mode of primary prevention?
Pap smear collection
Marriage counselling
Breast examination
Rehabilitation
B is the answer
Which of the following is true regarding sampling?
a. In simple random sampling the population is divided into strata
B. Snowball sampling is used for hidden population
c. Snowball sampling is used for hidden population More sample in systemic random sampling
D. Cluster sampling is less cost effective
B is the answer
Confirmed case of fluorosis is defined by presence of fluoride in urine more than:
1 mg/L
3 mg/L
5 mg/L
7 mg/L
A is the answer
Montenegro test is used for diagnosis of:
Kala azar
Leprosy
Malaria
Leptospirosis
A is correct
All of the following statements regarding case control study are true, except
Used to find the relative risk
Odds ratio can be calculated
Relatively cheap
Used for rare diseases
A is correct
You are the medical officer in charge of the immunisation programme at a sub-centre and you are informed by the local worker that one of the children who was immunised has has been dizzy. On further investigation it was confirmed that the symptoms were due to anxiety of pain of the injection and not as a result of the vaccine. You would consider the incidence as:
Vaccine reaction
Injection reaction
Programme error
Coincidental
B is correct
Which of the following is not a proxy measure of the incubation period of a disease?
Communicable Period
Latent Period
Serial Interval
Generation Time
A is correct
Rotavirus vaccine doses should not be initiated beyond which age to prevent complications:
6 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
32 weeks
C is correct
Which of the following is an example of an enzootic?
Leprosy
Typhoid
Cholera
Anthrax
D is correct
Which of the following is NOT one of the degrees of health as per spectral concept of health?
Good Health
Better Health
Positive Health
Freedom from Sickness
A is correct
A 20 year old is found to have blood pressures of 134/86 and 136/89 on two separate occasions. He will be classified as:
Normotensive
High normal BP
Stage 1 hypertension
Stage 2 hypertension
B is correct
True about case control study A/E
Less expensive
Those with disease and not diseased compared
Attributable risk is estimated
None of these
C is correct
Which of the following statements is true about BCG vaccination?
Distilled water is used as diluent for BCG
The site of injection should be cleaned with spirit
Mantoux test becomes positive after 48 hours of vaccination
WHO recommends Danish 1331 strain for vaccine production
D is correct
What is the amount of fluid to be given to a 2 year child weighing 12 Kg with severe dehydration in the first half an hour of IV rehydration?
120 ml
240 ml
360 ml
840 ml
C is correct
Which of the following disease is NOT included under diseases considered as eradicable by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication?
Polio
Measles
Rubella
Malaria
D is correct
Incidence rate can be calculated from:
Cohort study
Case control study
Cross sectional study
Descriptive study
A is correct
By which of the following method the incidence of a disease can be calculated?
Prospective study
Retrospective study
Case control study
Cross sectional study
A is correct
Ability of an organism to induce clinically apparent illness is known as:
Infectivity
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Viability
B is correct
Movement across socioeconomic levels is termed as:
Social Equality
Social Upliftment
Social Mobility
Social Insurance
C is correct
Which of the following vaccine is associated with Toxic Shock Syndrome?
Infected BCG vaccine
Infected DPT vaccine
Infected Polio vaccine
Infected Measles vaccine
D is correct
Breast milk fully meets the nutritional requirements of the infant in the first few months of life. All of the following are true about breast milk, EXCEPT:
Maximum output is seen at 12 months
Coefficient of iron absorption is 70%
Calcium utilization from breast milk is more than cow's milk
Breast milk protein is reference protein
A is correct
IQ of 98 is classed at which level of intelligence?
Idiot
Normal
Superior
Near genius
B is correct
Endemic Disease' means that a disease:
Occurs clearly in excess of normal expectancy
Is constantly present in a given population group
Exhibits seasonal pattern
Is prevalent among animals
B is correct
You are planning a screening program for a particular disease in your community. Which of the following is the MOST cost effective method of screening?
Multiphasic screening
Mass screening
High risk screening
Any of the above
C is correct
Thrombocytopenia is an adverse reaction of which vaccine:
BCG
DPT
MMR
Hep B
C is correct
Which of the following is the best method of doing randomization?
Computer drawn randomization
Odd/even day hospital admission
Lottery
Random number table
D is correct
Specificity of a test refers to its ability to detect the following:
True positives
True negatives
False positives
False negatives
B is correct
In a village with population of 5000, 50 people have a disease and 10 of them died. What is case fatality rate?
1%
2%
0.5%
20 %
D is correct
Calculate IMR if in a population of 100000 there are 3000 live births in a year and 150 infant deaths in the same year:
75
18
5
50
D is correct
In the natural history of disease, all are true about the period of pathogenesis, EXCEPT:
Occurs after agent enters host body
Tertiary prevention is possible at this stage
Screening does not affect the course of the phase
Sub-clinical phase can be present
C is correct
Direct standardization is used to compare the mortality rates between two countries. This is done because of the difference in which of the following parameters?
Causes of death
Numerators
Age distributions
Denominators
C is correct
Which of the following is not an essential component of primary health care?
Provision of Essential Drugs
Cost effectiveness
Immunization against major infectious diseases
Health education
B is correct
Early reaction of lepromin test is read at:
24 hours
36 hours
48 hours
72 hours
C is correct
While applying chi-square test to a contingency table of 6 rows and 6 columns, the degree of freedom would be?
30
35
15
25
D is correct
Which of the following drugs has the highest bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium leprae?
Rifampicin
Clofazimine
Dapsone
Minocycline
A is correct
Allocation concealment is not possible in a research study conducted on the effects of Risperodone. Selection bias in a study can be eliminated by which of the following procedures?
Randomization
Single blinding
Double blinding
Matching
A is correct
Which of the following study type is the best to study natural history of a disease?
Cohort Study
Case Control Study
Randomized Control Trials
Interventional Studies
A is correct
Tourniquet test is used in the diagnosis of:
Dengue
Scurvy
Malaria
Hypertension
A is correct
In a community, an increase in new cases denotes:
Increase in incidence rate
Increase in prevalence rate
Decrease in incidence rate
Decrease in prevalence rate
A is correct
Which of the following is the MOST useful index for the measure of the burden of disease in a defined population?
Park’s index
Disability adjusted life years
Morbidity proportion
Case fatality rate
B is correct
The denominator for calculating the incidence rate of specific disease is which of the following?
Mid year population
Population at risk
Population observed
Total population
B is correct
The diagnostic power of a test to correctly exclude the disease is reflected by:
Sensitivity
Specificity
Positive predictivity
Negative predictivity
D is correct
All of the following indicators represent Human Development Index, except:
Life Expectancy at Birth
Life Expectancy at 1 year of age
Education
GDP
B is correct
All are indicators of goal 6 of Millennium Development Goal, EXCEPT:
HIV prevalence among women aged 15-49 years
Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS
Prevalence and death rates of tuberculosis
Prevalence and death rates of malaria
A is correct
Vitamin A prophylaxis is an example of:
Health promotion
Specific protection
Disability limitation
Primordial prevention
B is correct
A women is exposed to multiple s*x partners has 5 times increased risk for Carcinoma Cervix. The attributable risk is:
20%
50%
80%
100%
C is correct
You are asked to help consult on a study which was recently completed in coastal African country. In this study, a total of 274 soldiers stationed in three different camps were examined and tested for the presence of bacterial s*xually transmitted diseases (STD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity. In addition to the information from the clinical exam and laboratory specimens, interviews were conducted to gather information on age, years of military service, ethnicity, and region of origin. The data are now to be a**lyzed to learn which factors were associated with the presence of STDs, including HIV. What is the most accurate description of this study design?
A case-control study
A cohort study
A clinical trial
A cross-sectional study
D is correct
Which of the following studies is BEST in establishing causal association in aetiology of a disease?
Case control study
Cohort study
Randomized control trial
Ecological study
C is correct
Which is not a method of primordial prevention of diseases?
Regular exercise
Abstinence from alcohol intake
Dietary change
Identification of cases of Tuberculosis
D is correct
Which of the following is associated with emotional valence and is most likely to be influenced by motivation?
Attitude
Belief
Practice
Knowledge
C is correct
Rgarding experimental studies, in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) all are true, EXCEPT:
Baseline characteristics are comparable
Bias can be eliminated by double blinding
Sample size depends on the type of study
Dropouts are excluded from the study
D is correct
Which among the following statement is TRUE about 'serial interval'?
Time interval between invasion of infection and appearance of first sign or symptom
Time between onset of primary case and secondary case
Interval of time between receipt of infection by a host and maximum infectivity
Time in which infectious agent is transferred from one host to another
B is correct
Cause to effect progression is seen in all of the following research studies, EXCEPT:
Case control study
Ecological study
Cohort study
Randomized control trial
A is correct
A study was initiated in 1999 with a population of 5000 adults. They were enquired about their drinking habits to study the relationship of alcohol consumption to the subsequent occurrence of cancer. The study was planned for 20 years till 2015 to 2019. This is an example of what type of epidemiological study?
Cross-Sectional Study
Case Control Study
Current Cohort Study
Retrospective Cohort Study
C is correct
The method of identifying missing cases and supplementing notified cases in the population is known as:
Active surveillance
Passive surveillance
Sentinel surveillance
Monitoring
C is correct
Inner subjective thought of a person towards an individual or situation is best termed as:
Attitude
Value
Belief
Opinion
A is correct
You are the medical officer of a PHC in a taluka and you confirm the diagnosis of polio in one of your patients. This can be considered as:
Endemic
Epidemic
Sporadic case
Pandemic
B is correct
Human development index includes All except
Crude death rate
Education
Life expectancy at birth
GDP
A is correct
Targeted intervention programmes for HIV are done among the following group of people, EXCEPT:
Commercial s*x worker
Migrant laborers
Street children
Industrial worker
D is correct
A person wants to study deafness and mobile phone usage. He collected data on mobile phone usage from government source and deafness from district and private clinics. This type of study is known as:
Experimental study
Ecological study
Etiological study
Cross-sectional study
B is correct
Smoking is the cause of 85% of lung cancers that occurred within a group of smokers. This is an example of which of the following statistics?
Population attributable risk.
Odds ratio
Attributable risk
Relative risk
C is correct
With regard to hypertension, which is not a mode of primary prevention?
Weight reduction
Exercise
Reduced salt intake
Early diagnosis of hypertension
D is correct
Which of the following is NOT a socio economic indicator of health care?
Dependency Ratio
Family Size
Life Expectancy at Birth
Level of Unemployment
C is correct
Iceberg phenomenon differentiates:
Apparent and inapparent
Symptomatic and asymptomatic
Cases and carriers
Diagnosed and undiagnosed
A is correct
Association can be measured by all of the following, EXCEPT:
Correlation coefficient
Cronbach's alpha
P value
Odds ratio
B is correct
Which of the following statement is not correct regarding case control study?
Proceeds from effect to cause
Exposure already occurred
Odd’s ratio can be determined
Incidence rate can be calculated
D is correct
Which one of the following is a good index of the severity of an acute disease?
Cause specific death rate.
Case fatality rate.
Standardized mortality ratio.
Five year survival.
B is correct
A new test for diabetes was carried out of the 80 people who were tested positive (+ve), it was found that actually 40 had diabetes and out of 9920 people who were tested negative (-ve) only 9840 did not have the disease actually. The sensitivity of this new test is:
33%
50%
65%
99%
A is correct
The comparison of mortality rates between two countries requires the application of direct standardization. Which if the following parameters makes it necessary to have standardization?
Numerators
Denominators
Causes of death
Age distributions
D is correct
Patientswith STD are asked to name other persons of either s*x who move in the same socio s*xual environment. These patients are then screened for the disease. This process is known as:
Cluster testing
Mass screening
High risk screening
None of the above
A is correct
Which of the following will cause an increase in the prevalence of disease?
Immigration of healthy persons
Increased cure rate of disease
Longer duration of disease
Increased death rate in disease
C is correct
You are conducting a study on a new type of infectious disease and find that the case fatality rate is high. It means that:
The disease is highly infective
The disease has a short incubation period
The disease is caused by a virulent organism
All the above
C is correct
The population of a community on the 1st of June was recorded as 1,65,000. Total no. of new cases of Tuberculosis, recorded from 1st January to 31st June were 22. Total Registered cases of tuberculosis in the community were recorded as 220. What is the incidence of TB in this community per 10 lakh population?
133
220
13.3
22
A is correct
The method in which the sample is taken from each predefined strata of society is called?
Simple random sampling
Systemic sampling
Stratified sampling
Multistaged sampling
C is correct
What is the major advantage of randomised sample in a clinical trial?
Facilitate double blinding
Help ensure that the study subjects are representative of general population
Ensure that the groups are comparable on baseline characteristics
Reduce selection bias in allocation of treatment
D is correct
Standard deviation is the measure of:
Chance
Central tendency
Deviation from the mean value
Range
C is correct
Degree of freedom of a chi square test in contingency table of 2 by 2 is?
1.0
Zero
2
4
A is correct
One of the epidemiological indices used to measure the tuberculosis problem in a community is the prevalence of infection. Which among the following is widely used to estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis infection in a population?
Sputum smear examination
Tuberculin test
Chest X-ray
Symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis
B is correct
All of the following holds true about cluster sampling, except:
Is a Rapid and simple method
Samples are similar to those in Simple Random Sampling
It is a type of probability sample
The sample size may vary according to study design
B is correct
Which of the following research methods include only people who are initially free of the disease of interest?
Case series report
Cross-sectional
Case-control study
Cohort study
D is correct
In a population of 10,000, beta carotene was given to 6000 people. The remainder did not receive any carotene. 3 out of the first group later suffered from lung cancer while 2 out of the secornd group (non-recepients) also got lung cancer. What is your reasonable conclusion?
Beta carotene and lung cancer have no relation to each other
The p value is not significant
The study is not designed properly
Beta carotene is associated with lung cancer
A is correct
The ability of a test to correctly diagnose the percentage of sick people who are having the condition is known as?
Sensitivity
Specificity
Positive predictive value
Negative predictive value
C is correct