College of Business at Tennessee Tech University

College of Business at Tennessee Tech University The official Facebook account for TN Tech College of Business. Our MBA and Master's of Accountancy programs are offered on-line.

The College of Business offers a number of majors and concentrations and certificates the undergraduate and graduate level. Our faculty have a strong teaching orientation as well as an applied research focus that contributes significantly to the richness of student learning. The college's undergraduate, MBA, and accounting programs are each accredited by AACSB International - The Association to Ad

vance Collegiate Schools of Business. While other accrediting agencies exist, AACSB is the highest credential available to business schools. Originated in 1915, AACSB's founding members included Columbia University, Harvard University, Northwestern University, The Ohio State University, and 13 other institutions. Among approximately 2500 business programs world-wide today, only about 30% are AACSB accredited, and less than 10% have all three degree programs accredited. In addition to the traditional educational focus, the college has a number of centers that focus on transferring technology and knowledge to the business world. Faculty, staff, and students use their expertise to work with both individuals and corporations through these various outreach efforts.

Every year, we take a moment to recognize the people who make this college what it is. This year's award winners represe...
06/01/2026

Every year, we take a moment to recognize the people who make this college what it is. This year's award winners represent the best of what the College of Business has to offer, from groundbreaking research to exceptional teaching to the quiet, consistent work that keeps everything running.

Congratulations to our 2025-26 awardees:

▪️Jordan-Wagner Award for Excellence in Research: Dr. Morteza Momeni
▪️Kinslow Award for Excellence in Teaching: Dr. Debora Mazetto & Leigh Waggoner
▪️Faculty Award for Excellence in Service: Dr. Sid Bundy
▪️Faculty Excellence Award in Overall Performance: Dr. Hyewon Park
▪️Outstanding Staff Award: Debe Yu
▪️Staff Excellence in Service Award: Rene Watson
▪️Lifetime Achievement Award: Dr. Julie Pharr

Our students are better for having each of them in their corner!

Congratulations to the 2026–2027 Journal for Societal Impact team!At the journal’s year-end celebration, 18 College of B...
05/21/2026

Congratulations to the 2026–2027 Journal for Societal Impact team!

At the journal’s year-end celebration, 18 College of Business students representing every major in the college were selected for next year’s team, including six returning members.

The evening also recognized students for their outstanding work on this year’s journal team.

Platinum Level Awards:
Gavin Edleson (Editor), Turner Eades (Co-Editor), and Emma Parson (Marketing Intern)

Silver Level Awards:
Kyra Adams, Kelley Fluker, Karis Kane, AJ McGregor, Daniel Rehberg, and Sasha Vela Hernandez

Bronze Level Awards:
Anna Donalies, Charles Jones, Michelle Khoury, Brooke Newman, Vinay Poluri, and Aiden Spires

Congratulations to all of the students recognized, and thank you for the work you are doing to advance the Journal for Societal Impact and student research at Tennessee Tech.

Study Abroad in Portugal: Days 8, 9, and 10 – Entrepreneurship, Culture, Cork Farms, and FadoAs our time in Portugal con...
05/19/2026

Study Abroad in Portugal: Days 8, 9, and 10 – Entrepreneurship, Culture, Cork Farms, and Fado

As our time in Portugal continued, the last several days of the study abroad program perfectly captured what makes international travel and experiential learning so impactful. From independent exploration around Lisbon to business visits and cultural experiences, students continued finding new ways to connect classroom concepts to the real world.

Day 8 – Independent Exploration in Lisbon

Day 8 gave students a full free day to experience Lisbon however they wanted, and it was incredible seeing the variety of adventures students chose for themselves.

Some students spent the day golfing while enjoying Portugal’s beautiful coastal scenery and mild weather. Others traveled to different areas around Portugal to experience more of the country beyond Lisbon. Several students headed toward the seaside to relax near the Atlantic Ocean and experience Portugal’s coastal culture firsthand.

Others explored Lisbon through tuk-tuk tours, which have become one of the city’s most popular ways to navigate its steep hills and historic neighborhoods. The tuk-tuks gave students a fun and efficient way to see famous districts such as Alfama, Bairro Alto, and Chiado while learning more about Lisbon’s history, architecture, and local culture.

A few students also participated in food tours around Lisbon, sampling traditional Portuguese cuisine and learning about the importance of food culture within Portuguese identity. From pastries and seafood to cured meats and local wines, these experiences allowed students to engage directly with another important aspect of daily life and tourism in Portugal.

One of the most rewarding aspects of study abroad is watching students gain confidence traveling independently, making decisions on their own, navigating unfamiliar cities, and discovering what interests them most personally. Day 8 was a great example of that growth in action.

Day 9 – Tiles, Entrepreneurship, and Lisbon’s Creative Economy

On Day 9, we shifted back into structured business and cultural visits beginning with one of Lisbon’s most unique traditional industries.

We visited the Sant’Anna Tile Factory, the last traditional handmade tile factory remaining in Lisbon. Portugal is world famous for its ceramic tiles, known as azulejos, which can be seen covering churches, homes, train stations, restaurants, and public buildings throughout the country.

At Sant’Anna, students learned how the tiles are still produced entirely by hand using traditional methods that date back centuries. The process includes molding the clay, firing the tiles, hand-painting intricate designs, glazing, and firing them again to complete the final product. Every piece is unique and requires a tremendous amount of craftsmanship and precision.

Beyond the production process, students also learned about the company’s business model and how Sant’Anna survives in a world dominated by mass manufacturing and cheap imports. The factory differentiates itself through authenticity, heritage preservation, artisan quality, and customization. Many of its clients include luxury hotels, restoration projects, architects, collectors, and tourists seeking authentic Portuguese craftsmanship.

The visit created excellent discussions about niche markets, premium branding, preserving traditional industries, and balancing cultural heritage with economic sustainability.

Later in the day, we headed to Time Out Market Lisboa, one of Lisbon’s most popular and innovative food and tourism destinations. Originally opened inside the historic Mercado da Ribeira, the market combines some of Lisbon’s best restaurants, chefs, food vendors, bars, and specialty shops into one centralized location.

The market served as an ideal location to discuss entrepreneurship, diversification strategies, branding, and customer experience. Students observed how Time Out successfully transformed itself from a media and publishing brand into a physical experiential marketplace built around food, tourism, and lifestyle experiences.

We discussed how the market creates value by curating high-quality vendors, attracting both locals and tourists, and constantly evolving to maintain relevance in a competitive hospitality environment. Students also examined how food halls and mixed-use markets can contribute to urban revitalization, tourism growth, and small business development.

Of course, students also enjoyed getting lunch and exploring the various food vendors throughout the market while applying the concepts we discussed in real time.

The students had some free time afterward to continue exploring Lisbon before we prepared for our final full day of touring in Portugal.

Day 10 – Cork Farming and Fado

On our final major touring day in Portugal, we traveled outside the city to visit a traditional cork farm, and it quickly became one of the students’ favorite experiences of the entire study abroad program.

Portugal is the world’s largest producer of cork, accounting for a significant portion of the global cork industry. Cork comes from the bark of cork oak trees, which can be harvested approximately every nine years without harming the tree itself, making it one of the world’s most sustainable agricultural products.

During the visit, students learned about the full cork production process, the environmental importance of cork forests, and the economic realities of agricultural work in Portugal. Unlike some of the larger tourism-focused visits on the trip, this experience gave students the opportunity to have direct conversations with local farmers and business owners about the rewards and challenges of working in agriculture.

Students learned about labor demands, climate concerns, sustainability issues, international competition, and how Portuguese cork producers compete in global markets. Cork today is used for far more than wine stoppers — it is also used in flooring, insulation, fashion accessories, aerospace technology, and sustainable product design.

Many students commented afterward about how meaningful it was to hear directly from local people whose livelihoods are connected to the land and traditional industries of Portugal.

That evening, we ended the day with one of the cultural highlights of the entire trip: a traditional Fado dinner experience.

Fado is a deeply emotional style of Portuguese music often centered around themes of longing, nostalgia, love, hardship, and saudade — a uniquely Portuguese concept that roughly translates to a deep emotional yearning or melancholy.

Performed with haunting vocals accompanied by Portuguese guitar, Fado is considered one of Portugal’s most important cultural traditions and has been recognized by UNESCO as part of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

The atmosphere of the evening was unforgettable. Between the traditional Portuguese food, intimate setting, and powerful musical performances, students were able to experience Portuguese culture in a deeply personal and emotional way. It was the perfect way to celebrate the end of an incredible experience in Portugal together.

As our time abroad begins winding down, it is amazing reflecting on how much the students have experienced and learned over the past several days. From business visits and entrepreneurship discussions to art, agriculture, tourism, history, and cultural immersion, these experiences have brought classroom concepts to life in ways that simply cannot be replicated at home.

Experiential learning at its absolute best.

Study Abroad in Portugal: Day 7 – Fairytale Palaces and the Portuguese CoastDay seven of our Study Abroad adventure took...
05/16/2026

Study Abroad in Portugal: Day 7 – Fairytale Palaces and the Portuguese Coast

Day seven of our Study Abroad adventure took us outside the city of Lisbon for a full day exploring some of Portugal’s most beautiful and iconic destinations.

The day started early with breakfast at 7:00 AM before we left the hotel shortly afterward for a journey into the hills of Sintra, one of the most magical and picturesque towns in Portugal. Located just outside Lisbon, Sintra is famous for its palaces, castles, gardens, and misty mountain scenery. The entire area is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its incredible cultural landscape and romantic architecture.

Our main destination was the breathtaking Pena Palace, and it absolutely lived up to the hype.

Perched high on a hill overlooking the surrounding forests and coastline, Pena Palace looks like something straight out of a storybook. Built in the 19th century by King Ferdinand II, the palace is considered one of the greatest examples of Romanticist architecture in Europe. Its bright red and yellow walls, elaborate towers, decorative tiles, and mixture of Gothic, Renaissance, Moorish, and Manueline design styles make it one of the most unique buildings in Portugal.

The palace was originally built on the site of an old monastery and later transformed into a royal summer residence. Today, it is one of Portugal’s most visited landmarks and offers incredible panoramic views stretching all the way to the Atlantic Ocean on clear days.

The students absolutely loved exploring the palace grounds and interior rooms. Everywhere you looked there was another incredible view, ornate detail, or colorful architectural feature. It was one of those places that almost does not feel real until you see it in person.

After visiting Pena Palace, we continued with a scenic drive through the Portuguese countryside and eventually made our way to the beautiful seaside town of Cascais.

Originally a small fishing village, Cascais transformed into a fashionable resort destination in the late 1800s when Portuguese royalty and wealthy families began spending summers there. Today, it is known for its beaches, marina, charming streets, seafood restaurants, shopping, and relaxed coastal atmosphere.

The town was absolutely gorgeous. With its palm-lined waterfront, tiled sidewalks, colorful buildings, and ocean views, Cascais felt like the perfect place to slow down and enjoy the afternoon.

Students were given free time to explore the town, shop, grab lunch, walk along the marina, or simply relax near the water. Some students decided to stay longer in Cascais and continue exploring independently, while others returned with us on the bus back to Lisbon along the scenic coastal route.

The drive back was beautiful, following the Atlantic coastline with incredible ocean views the entire way. It was a perfect ending to a relaxing and memorable day outside the city.

Once back in Lisbon, students had additional free time to continue exploring the city on their own, try local restaurants, and enjoy another evening in Portugal.

It was truly a fantastic day for everyone and another reminder of how special it is to experience so many different landscapes, cities, and cultures within one study abroad program.

Stay tuned for more adventures from Portugal!

Study Abroad in Spain & Portugal: Days 5 and 6 – Independent Adventures in Madrid and Onward to LisbonOne of the most va...
05/15/2026

Study Abroad in Spain & Portugal: Days 5 and 6 – Independent Adventures in Madrid and Onward to Lisbon

One of the most valuable parts of any study abroad experience is giving students the freedom and confidence to explore on their own. Day 5 of our program was a completely free day in Madrid, and I absolutely loved seeing how the students made the most of their time abroad.

The group scattered across the city and beyond, each creating their own unique Spanish adventure.

Some students visited Madrid Zoo Aquarium, one of the largest zoos in Spain, located inside Casa de Campo Park. The zoo is home to thousands of animals from around the world and is especially well known for its giant pandas and extensive aquarium exhibits. For students interested in wildlife, conservation, and family entertainment industries, it offered an entirely different perspective on tourism and recreation in Madrid.

Others took a day trip to Segovia, one of Spain’s most beautiful historic cities and another UNESCO World Heritage Site. Segovia is famous for its remarkably preserved Roman aqueduct, which dates back nearly 2,000 years and was built without mortar. The city is also known for the fairytale-like Alcázar of Segovia, which is said to have inspired Disney castle designs. Beyond the architecture, Segovia gave students another opportunity to experience life outside a major capital city and compare different regional cultures within Spain.

Several students spent the day shopping in Madrid’s upscale Salamanca neighborhood, one of the city’s most elegant districts filled with luxury boutiques, international fashion brands, cafés, and designer storefronts. The Salamanca area is often compared to high-end shopping districts in cities like Paris, Milan, or New York and provided students with a firsthand look at luxury retail environments and consumer culture in Europe.

Others returned to El Retiro Park to relax, people-watch, and enjoy one of Madrid’s most beloved green spaces. It was rewarding seeing students independently revisit locations we had previously discussed academically and begin connecting course concepts to their own personal experiences.

Some students explored the fascinating National Archaeological Museum, which houses artifacts spanning prehistoric Iberia, Ancient Rome, Egypt, Greece, and medieval Spain. The museum provides a remarkable overview of the civilizations and cultures that have shaped Spain throughout history.

Others visited the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid’s world-famous modern art museum best known as the home of Picasso’s Guernica. The museum offers a completely different artistic experience compared to the Prado, focusing on modern and contemporary art movements of the 20th century.

A few students experienced the San Isidro Festival celebrations, one of Madrid’s largest annual festivals honoring the city’s patron saint, San Isidro. The festival fills the city with music, dancing, food, traditional clothing, and cultural events, giving students an authentic glimpse into local traditions and community celebrations.

And perhaps one of the most exciting adventures of the day for several students was attending a Real Madrid CF football match. Few sporting experiences in the world compare to the energy and passion surrounding European football, and getting to witness the atmosphere surrounding one of the world’s most famous clubs was an unforgettable experience for those who attended.

Throughout the day, students navigated public transportation, practiced cultural adaptation, managed schedules and budgets, explored museums and neighborhoods, tried new foods, and gained confidence traveling internationally. Watching students become more independent and adventurous is one of the most rewarding parts of leading study abroad programs.

Today, Day 6, marks the next chapter of our journey as we head to the airport and say goodbye to Spain before flying to Lisbon, Portugal’s beautiful coastal capital city.

Once we arrive, I’ll lead the students on a quick orientation tour of Lisbon to help familiarize them with the city before they head out to experience their very first meal in Portugal. Lisbon is known for its colorful neighborhoods, historic trams, tiled architecture, incredible viewpoints, and rich maritime history, so there is plenty for the students to look forward to over the next several days.

We will be staying at Dom Carlos Liberty Hotel, which will serve as our home base as we begin exploring Portugal.

Spain has already provided incredible experiences and unforgettable memories, and now we are excited to continue the adventure in an entirely new country and culture.

Stay tuned for our adventures in Portugal!

Study Abroad in Spain: Day 4 – Art, Chocolate, and Exploring MadridDay four of our Spain Study Abroad experience gave st...
05/13/2026

Study Abroad in Spain: Day 4 – Art, Chocolate, and Exploring Madrid

Day four of our Spain Study Abroad experience gave students the opportunity to experience two very different but equally fascinating sides of Spanish culture and business: world-class art and artisan chocolate making.

We began the morning at the legendary Museo del Prado, one of the most important art museums in the world. Opened in 1819, the Prado houses one of the finest collections of European art anywhere, with masterpieces spanning centuries of Spanish, Italian, and Flemish history. The museum is especially famous for works by Spanish masters such as Francisco Goya, Diego Velázquez, and El Greco.

For many of the students, this was their first time ever visiting a major art museum or gallery, which made the experience even more meaningful. Walking through the enormous halls filled with paintings that are hundreds of years old gave students a chance to experience history, storytelling, politics, religion, and culture through art rather than through textbooks.

One of the most interesting parts of the visit was watching students realize how massive and detailed many of the paintings actually are in person. Works they may have only seen briefly in books or online suddenly became much more impactful standing directly in front of them. From dramatic royal portraits to scenes of war, mythology, and everyday life, the Prado offers a fascinating glimpse into both Spanish history and the evolution of European society.

Beyond its cultural importance, the museum also sparked discussions about tourism, preservation, branding, and the economic impact of cultural institutions. Museums like the Prado are not only educational centers, but also major contributors to Madrid’s global identity and tourism economy, attracting millions of visitors every year.

After the museum visit, students had some free time to grab lunch around Madrid before we regrouped for one of the most unique business visits of the trip so far: a bean-to-bar chocolate experience at Kaicao.

Kaicao is a craft chocolate company that specializes in the entire chocolate-making process, from sourcing cacao beans directly from producers to creating small-batch chocolate bars in-house. Unlike mass-produced commercial chocolate brands, Kaicao focuses heavily on sustainability, transparency, quality ingredients, and highlighting the natural flavor profiles of cacao from different regions around the world.

During the experience, students learned how cacao beans are harvested, fermented, roasted, ground, and transformed into finished chocolate products. We also discussed Kaicao’s unique business model and value proposition, which centers around ethical sourcing, artisan production, and creating a premium customer experience built around education and storytelling.

One of the highlights was getting to sample a variety of chocolates with completely different flavor profiles. My personal favorite was the mole chocolate, which incorporated spices such as cardamom and chile to create a rich, warm flavor unlike anything you would typically find in the United States. The tasting experience really demonstrated how food products can be elevated into cultural and sensory experiences through branding, craftsmanship, and creativity.

The students asked fantastic questions throughout the visit, particularly about sourcing, production costs, international supply chains, and how small artisan businesses compete against major global brands. It was another excellent example of experiential learning in action.

After the chocolate experience, students had the remainder of the late afternoon and evening free to continue exploring Madrid on their own. Some went shopping, others visited museums and cafés, while many simply enjoyed wandering through the city and soaking in the atmosphere of daily life in Spain.

Tomorrow the students have a full free day to experience Madrid independently, and I am excited to hear about all of their adventures and discoveries afterward. One of the most valuable parts of study abroad is giving students the confidence and freedom to navigate a new culture on their own, and tomorrow will be a great opportunity for exactly that.

Stay tuned for more adventures from Spain!

Study Abroad in Spain: Day 3 – Tapestries, Parks, Books, and Experiential Learning in MadridDay three of our Spain Study...
05/12/2026

Study Abroad in Spain: Day 3 – Tapestries, Parks, Books, and Experiential Learning in Madrid

Day three of our Spain Study Abroad trip was a perfect example of what experiential learning can look like when culture, business, history, and daily life all come together in one incredible day.

Our morning began with a visit to the Royal Tapestry Factory, one of Madrid’s most fascinating hidden gems. Officially known as the Royal Tapestry Factory, the organization was founded in 1721 by King Philip V to produce tapestries and textiles for the Spanish royal family and aristocracy. More than 300 years later, artisans are still creating and restoring pieces completely by hand using many of the same traditional techniques.

The factory itself was fascinating because it serves both as a production workshop and a restoration center. Students were able to watch artisans carefully weaving enormous tapestries thread by thread on massive wooden looms, a process that can take months or even years depending on the size and complexity of the design. We also learned about the restoration side of the business, where specialists painstakingly repair centuries-old tapestries and rugs for museums, palaces, churches, and historic buildings across Spain. unfortunately, no pictures were allowed. 

One of the most interesting aspects for students was realizing how much craftsmanship, labor, and expertise go into products that many people simply view as decorative art. The process combines artistry, manufacturing, preservation, and cultural heritage management all into one business model. Students also learned about how the organization balances historical tradition with modern financial realities by taking on restoration contracts and maintaining relevance in contemporary Spain.

After the factory visit, I gave the students one of the more fun assignments of the trip so far: we stopped at a local Spanish grocery store and students were tasked with finding a snack they had never seen before in the United States to share with the group later in the day.

This quickly turned into one of the highlights of the afternoon.

Students spread out through the aisles comparing products, attempting to translate labels, and trying to determine what exactly some of the snacks even were. It gave everyone a chance to interact with an ordinary part of daily Spanish life while also thinking about consumer behavior, packaging, product localization, and cultural differences in food preferences.

From there, we made our way to El Retiro Park, one of the most famous and beloved public spaces in Spain. Originally created in the 1600s as a retreat for the Spanish monarchy, El Retiro is now a massive public park in the heart of Madrid that serves locals and tourists alike. We specifically gathered in the park’s beautiful rose garden, surrounded by colorful blooms, fountains, and shaded walkways that honestly felt like the most beautiful classroom imaginable.

There, students shared the snacks they had purchased while we discussed the economic and social importance of “free” green spaces and public parks.

We talked about how parks like El Retiro impact surrounding businesses, increase tourism, improve quality of life for residents, create opportunities for events and entertainment, and contribute to a city’s overall brand and attractiveness. Students discussed how restaurants, cafés, museums, hotels, and local vendors all benefit from the constant flow of people these public spaces attract. We also explored how public investment in parks can influence real estate values, community development, and urban sustainability.

After the discussion, students completed a worksheet analyzing the connections between public spaces, business activity, tourism, and community wellbeing while sitting right there in the middle of the park. It was one of those moments where classroom concepts became immediately real and visible all around us.

We then continued on to Cuesta de Moyano, one of Madrid’s most unique and historic cultural corridors. Dating back to 1925, Cuesta de Moyano is a pedestrian street lined with small outdoor book stalls selling everything from rare books and vintage magazines to old maps, novels, and collectibles.

The area gave students another opportunity to observe business in action through a cultural lens. We discussed how the booksellers survive in a digital age dominated by Amazon, eBooks, and online marketplaces. Students observed how many of the vendors compete not just by selling books, but by creating experiences, relationships, nostalgia, expertise, and authenticity that cannot easily be replicated online.

It also sparked conversations about niche retailing, tourism-driven commerce, specialization strategies, and the importance of preserving cultural identity within local businesses. Many students noted how places like Cuesta de Moyano create character and uniqueness for a city while also serving as an attraction in themselves.

By the time we returned to the hotel, we wrapped up the afternoon with a discussion and debrief about everything we had experienced over the past two days. Students shared insights from the park activity, observations about Spanish business culture, and reflections on how much they were learning simply by interacting with the environment around them.

Afterward, everyone headed off for some well-earned free time to continue exploring Madrid on their own.

Days like today are exactly why study abroad experiences are so impactful. The students are not just reading about business, culture, tourism, and community development in a textbook — they are actively experiencing it in real time while walking through one of the world’s great cities.

Experiential learning at its finest.
Tennessee Tech University

Study Abroad in Spain: Day 2 – Medieval Toledo, Swords, Marzipan, and Spanish CultureDay two of our Spain Study Abroad a...
05/11/2026

Study Abroad in Spain: Day 2 – Medieval Toledo, Swords, Marzipan, and Spanish Culture

Day two of our Spain Study Abroad adventure began with breakfast at the hotel before heading out for a full-day excursion to Toledo, one of Spain’s most historic and visually stunning cities. While many of us were still a little tired from travel, spirits were immediately lifted at breakfast when some students excitedly discovered chocolate cake on the breakfast buffet alongside bacon, eggs, pastries, and other traditional European breakfast options. Study abroad is all about embracing culture… and apparently cake for breakfast.

Our guide, Amor, joined us again today and was every bit as wonderful and knowledgeable as she was during our Madrid tour. During the drive, she gave us fascinating information about the region surrounding Madrid known as La Mancha. Many people recognize the name from the famous novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, one of the most important literary figures in Spanish history. Fun fact: our hotel in Madrid is located just a few blocks from where Cervantes once lived and worked. His influence can still be felt throughout Spain today, especially in the Castilla-La Mancha region where the story famously features windmills, knights, and adventures across the Spanish countryside.

Once we arrived in Toledo, our first stop was an armament and jewelry factory where artisans still use many traditional Toledo techniques to create jewelry, armor, and swords. Toledo has been famous for metalworking for centuries, dating all the way back to Roman times. The city became internationally renowned for its high-quality steel, especially during the Middle Ages when Toledo swords were considered some of the finest in Europe.

At the factory, we were treated to demonstrations showing how craftsmen carefully engrave intricate designs into metal and create detailed jewelry using techniques passed down through generations. We also learned about a traditional art form called damascening, where thin strands of gold or silver are inlaid into blackened steel to create elaborate decorative patterns. This style of craftsmanship remains one of Toledo’s signature products today.

The business discussion at the factory was especially interesting because students got to hear about how traditional manufacturing adapts to modern tourism and global markets. While the techniques remain historic, the business itself has evolved to serve international visitors, collectors, and online customers. Of course, several students also found time to do some shopping and picked up some beautiful souvenirs.

Afterward, we took a bus tour around the outside of the city, which gave us some absolutely incredible panoramic views of Toledo. Perched on a hill and nearly surrounded by the Tagus River, Toledo looks almost untouched by time. Seeing the city from above helped everyone understand why Toledo was considered such an important defensive stronghold and cultural center throughout Spanish history.

Known as the “City of Three Cultures,” Toledo historically served as a place where Christians, Muslims, and Jews lived together for centuries, leaving behind an incredible blend of architecture, art, religion, and culture. Its preserved medieval streets and skyline have made it one of Spain’s premier tourist destinations and earned it designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Once inside the city walls, we began a walking tour through Toledo’s narrow cobblestone streets, winding alleyways, plazas, and historic buildings. Around every corner seemed to be another breathtaking view, hidden courtyard, or small shop selling local goods. The atmosphere truly feels like stepping back into the Middle Ages.

One of the major highlights of the day was our visit to Toledo Cathedral, one of the most impressive Gothic cathedrals in all of Europe. Construction on the cathedral began in the 1200s and continued for more than 250 years. Inside, students were completely amazed by the soaring ceilings, stained glass windows, detailed carvings, enormous chapels, and gold-covered altarpieces.

One of my favorite parts of study abroad is watching students experience places like this for the first time. As we walked through the cathedral, students kept looking around in disbelief and asking, “How in the world did they build this?” It is hard not to be overwhelmed by the scale, artistry, and engineering of structures built centuries ago without modern technology.

After the guided tours ended, the students transitioned into a business and cultural assignment. They were divided into three groups and tasked with comparing and contrasting two businesses within the same industry in Toledo. One group focused on marzipan shops, another examined sword retailers, and the third studied jewelry businesses.

The assignment encouraged students to observe everything from branding and pricing strategies to store layouts, customer service, product differentiation, and tourist targeting. Toledo is particularly famous for marzipan, a sweet almond-based confection that has been produced in the city for centuries, often by local convents and family businesses. The sword and jewelry shops similarly provided an interesting look at how businesses balance historical tradition with modern consumer demands.

Students came back with some fantastic insights that we later discussed on the bus ride home. Beyond the academic component, the assignment also gave students the opportunity to engage directly with the local business environment while practicing observation, communication, and cultural analysis skills.

With about two and a half hours of free time, students spread out across Toledo to shop, explore, and enjoy lunch at various local restaurants and cafés. Spending time in a smaller historic city outside of Madrid gave everyone a different perspective on Spanish life and culture. Toledo feels much slower paced and more traditional than the energy of the capital city, and students really seemed to appreciate experiencing both environments.

We returned to Madrid around 5:00 PM, giving everyone the evening free to explore on their own. many students decided to visit Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, which was conveniently located just across the street from our hotel and offered late-night hours. The museum is one of Spain’s premier modern art museums and is best known for housing Picasso’s famous anti-war masterpiece, Guernica.

Others attended flamenco evening shows, where they experienced one of Spain’s most passionate and iconic artistic traditions. Flamenco combines music, singing, dancing, and guitar into an emotional performance style deeply rooted in southern Spanish culture.

No matter what students and faculty chose to do tonight, everyone had a fantastic time continuing to explore Spain in their own way.

Tomorrow we have another business visit planned, along with a discussion in El Retiro Park about the relationship between green spaces, public parks, tourism, and business development.

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